Diphtheria is making headlines in Nigeria again, with cases spreading across several states. The disease, though preventable, remains a serious health concern due to low vaccination rates and delayed diagnosis. But should you be worried?
In this article, we’ll break down everything you need to know about diphtheria, including symptoms, how it spreads, treatment options, and most importantly, how to protect yourself and your loved ones.
What is Diphtheria?
Diphtheria is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the throat and airways but can also infect the skin.
The bacteria produces toxins that lead to severe breathing difficulties, heart complications, and even death, if left untreated.
The outbreak has disproportionately affected children, particularly those aged 1 to 14, many of whom were either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated.
Diphtheria is particularly dangerous because it can spread rapidly in crowded areas.
The disease spreads easily through:
Airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing).
Direct contact with infected wounds or lesions.
Sharing personal items like cups or utensils with an infected person.
How Serious is the Diphtheria Outbreak in Nigeria?
The Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has reported multiple diphtheria cases across different states, with the highest numbers recorded in Kano, Lagos, Osun, and Yobe. According to the NCDC, most cases are occurring in communities with low vaccination rates, making the outbreak more severe.
Key Concerns About the Outbreak:
Increasing number of cases – Reports indicate a rising trend in infections.
Limited access to vaccines – Many rural communities lack proper immunization programs.
Delays in seeking medical treatment – Early symptoms resemble common illnesses, leading to late diagnosis.
Given these factors, the risk of further spread remains high.
Who is Most at Risk?
Certain groups of people face a higher risk of developing severe diphtheria complications. These include:
Children under 5 years old – Those who have not completed their immunization schedule.
Unvaccinated individuals – Anyone who has never received the diphtheria vaccine is highly vulnerable.
Elderly people – Older adults with weakened immune systems may struggle to fight off infections.
Healthcare workers – Doctors, nurses, and caregivers are at risk due to direct exposure.
People in overcrowded areas – Schools, refugee camps, and densely populated urban centers facilitate rapid disease spread.
Symptoms of Diphtheria: What to Watch Out For
Symptoms usually appear 2–5 days after exposure. The severity depends on the person’s immunity and overall health.
Common Symptoms Include:
Persistent sore throat and hoarseness
High fever and chills
Difficulty breathing or swallowing
A thick, grayish coating on the throat or tonsils
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck (“bull neck”)
Weakness and fatigue
In severe cases, the toxin released by diphtheria bacteria can lead to heart problems, paralysis, or respiratory failure.
How to Protect Yourself from Diphtheria
The good news is that diphtheria is preventable with proper measures. Here’s what you can do:
Get Vaccinated: The DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus) is the best protection. It is part of Nigeria’s routine immunization schedule for infants and should be completed on time. Booster shots are also recommended for teenagers and adults.
Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands regularly, cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing, and avoid close contact with sick individuals.
Seek Medical Help Early: If you or someone you know shows symptoms, visit a healthcare center immediately. Early treatment with antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin can save lives.
Stay Informed: Follow updates from the NCDC and the Federal Ministry of Health for the latest outbreak details.
Treatment for Diphtheria: What Happens if You Get Infected?
If diagnosed early, this disease can be treated effectively with:
Antibiotics (such as penicillin or erythromycin) – These kill the bacteria and prevent further spread.
Diphtheria antitoxin – This neutralizes the dangerous toxin produced by the bacteria.
Supportive care – In severe cases, patients may need oxygen therapy or hospitalization.
Treatment should start immediately after diagnosis to avoid complications.
PLEASE AVOID SELF MEDICATION!
Should You Be Worried?
Yes, diphtheria is a serious disease, but with proper vaccination, hygiene, and awareness, the risk can be reduced significantly.
If you or your family members haven’t received the diphtheria vaccine, now is the time to do so.
Nigeria has faced several pandemics, including SARS in 2003, COVID-19 in 2020, the 2014 Ebola outbreak, amongst others, in the past. But one thing has been established.
The country’s experiential management in curbing infectious diseases, has strengthened its capacity to manage health crises effectively.
We are certain this would also be handled with better expertise.
Early action is key. Stay informed, stay protected!
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